## Forecasts arma11.pred <- predict(arma11, n.ahead = 10) predict <- ts(c(rep(NA, length(y) - 1), y[length(y)], arma11.pred$pred), start = 1909, frequency = 1) upper <- ts(c(rep(NA, length(y) - 1), y[length(y)], arma11.pred$pred + 2 * arma11.pred$se), start = 1909, frequency = 1) lower <- ts(c(rep(NA, length(y) - 1), y[length(y)], arma11.pred$pred - 2 * arma11.pred$se), start = 1909, frequency = 1) observed <- ts(c(y, rep(NA, 10)), start=1909, frequency = 1) ## Plot of actual and forecasted values plot(observed, type = "l", ylab = "Actual and predicted values", xlab = "") lines(predict, col = "blue", lty = 2) lines(lower, col = "red", lty = 5) lines(upper, col = "red", lty = 5) abline(v = 1988, col = "gray", lty = 3)